Collective Bargaining Exemption /ka-'lek-tiv · 'bär-gen-eng · ig-'zem(p)-shen/
A feature of many living wage ordinances, this provision exempts businesses with unionized workforces from the wage mandate. This provision has been supported by many labor unions as a key factor in how living wages promote union organizing. This provision provides the incentive for an employer to enter into a contract with a union at a wage rate that is higher than the current minimum but lower than the mandated wage.

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